![]() ![]() The mechanical properties of current nanocomposites or composites are much lower than those of natural bone. It is extremely challenging to duplicate or reproduce organics and minerals found in vivo. The search for new bone-regeneration strategies is a key priority as the result of debilitating pain associated with bone damage and increasing medical and socioeconomic challenges of the aging population. ![]() Thus, in the past few years, the combination of polymer/ceramic composites has gained much interest in the field of tissue engineering (Zanello et al. Various materials, including biodegradable polymers such as polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactide (PLA), polyorthoester (POE), polyglycolide or polyglycolic acid (PGA), and their copolymers poly (lactic- co-glycolide) (PLGA) have been used to fabricate scaffolds, which could provide initial support and mechanical strength with adequate porosity for cell attachment (Seal et al. The characteristics of ideal scaffolds for bone tissue engineering include the following: (1) interconnecting pores, including both macropores (pore size > 100 μm) and micropores(pore size < 20 μm) for tissue growth, substance transplantation, and vascularization (2) biodegradable or bioabsorbable materials with strong mechanical properties to transfer load to the surrounding tissue and (3) a good scaffold interface to adhere, proliferate, and differentiate cells efficiently (Saiz et al. As such, many researchers have extended their investigations for developing bionanocomposites for scaffold applications. The option of autografting or transplanting has risks including potential disease transmission and immunological rejection (Oryan et al. The necessity for bone replacement has been drastically increasing due to accidents, disease, birth defects, military practices, and bone loss at a later age. Mechanical tests proved that PEEK bionanocomposite foam has the potential for use in bone scaffolding and other biomedical applications. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) test results reveal that pore size and interconnectivity of the nanocomposite foams are in order and within the designed sizes. About 186% enhancement of compression modulus and 43% enhancement of yield strength were observed while incorporating only 0.5 wt% of CNTs into PEEK/HA bionanocomposites having 75% porosity, compared to PEEK/HA 20 wt% bionanocomposites. Compression test results of the fabricated bionanocomposites showed that HA and carbon particles are the potential filler materials for the enhancement of bionanocomposite mechanical properties. Carbon fiber (CF) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were uniformly dispersed into the PEEK powder before melt casting to enhance the mechanical properties and to observe the influence of the carbon particles on the properties of PEEK bionanocomposite foam. Hydroxyapatite (HA) and carbon particles were used to improve cell attachments and interactions with the porous PEEK and to increase the mechanical properties of the scaffold materials. Porosity (75% and 85%) of the prepared scaffolds was adjusted by changing salt concentrations in the PEEK powder. Melt casting and salt porogen (200–500 µm size) leaching methods were adapted to create an adequate pore size and the necessary percent of porosity, because pore size plays a vital role in cell implantation and growth. In this research, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) was used to fabricate highly porous bionanocomposite foams for bone scaffolding. Uses of different materials and scaffold fabrication techniques have been explored over the past 20 years. ![]() Bone regeneration can be achieved by several materials and templates manufactured through various fabrication techniques. Bone regeneration is of great importance worldwide, because of various bone diseases, such as infections, tumors, and resultant fracture, birth defects, and bone loss due to trauma, explosion, or accident. ![]()
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